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Chosen Problem Solving and Program design as an optional course, you are required to solve all kinds of problems. Here, we get a new problem.
There is a very long board with length L centimeter, L is a positive integer, so we can evenly divide the board into L segments, and they are labeled by 1, 2, … L from left to right, each is 1 centimeter long. Now we have to color the board - one segment with only one color. We can do following two operations on the board:
1. “C A B C” Color the board from segment A to segment B with color C.
2. “P A B” Output the number of different colors painted between segment A and segment B (including).

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The cows are journeying north to Thunder Bay in Canada to gain cultural enrichment and enjoy a vacation on the sunny shores of Lake Superior. Bessie, ever the competent travel agent, has named the Bullmoose Hotel on famed Cumberland Street as their vacation residence. This immense hotel has N (1 ≤ N ≤ 50,000) rooms all located on the same side of an extremely long hallway (all the better to see the lake, of course).

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    The inversion number of a given number sequence a1, a2, ..., an is the number of pairs (ai, aj) that satisfy i < j and ai > aj. 

    For a given sequence of numbers a1, a2, ..., an, if we move the first m >= 0 numbers to the end of the seqence, we will obtain another sequence. There are totally n such sequences as the following: 

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At the entrance to the university, there is a huge rectangular billboard of size h*w (h is its height and w is its width). The board is the place where all possible announcements are posted: nearest programming competitions, changes in the dining room menu, and other important information.
On September 1, the billboard was empty. One by one, the announcements started being put on the billboard.

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C国的死对头A国这段时间正在进行军事演习，所以C国间谍头子Derek和他手下Tidy又开始忙乎了。A国在海岸线沿直线布置了N个工兵营地,Derek和Tidy的任务就是要监视这些工兵营地的活动情况。由于采取了某种先进的监测手段，所以每个工兵营地的人数C国都掌握的一清二楚,每个工兵营地的人数都有可能发生变动，可能增加或减少若干人手,但这些都逃不过C国的监视。

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给定一个m × n (m行, n列)的迷宫，迷宫中有两个位置，gloria想从迷宫的一个位置走到另外一个位置，当然迷宫中有些地方是空地，gloria可以穿越，有些地方是障碍，她必须绕行，从迷宫的一个位置，只能走到与它相邻的4个位置中,当然在行走过程中，gloria不能走到迷宫外面去。令人头痛的是，gloria是个没什么方向感的人，因此，她在行走过程中，不能转太多弯了，否则她会晕倒的。我们假定给定的两个位置都是空地，初始时，gloria所面向的方向未定，她可以选择4个方向的任何一个出发，而不算成一次转弯。gloria能从一个位置走到另外一个位置吗？

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Farmer John has been informed of the location of a fugitive cow and wants to catch her immediately. He starts at a point N (0 ≤ N ≤ 100,000) on a number line and the cow is at a point K (0 ≤ K ≤ 100,000) on the same number line. Farmer John has two modes of transportation: walking and teleporting.

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    The Princess has been abducted by the BEelzebub feng5166, our hero     Ignatius has to rescue our pretty Princess. Now he gets into feng5166's castle. The castle is a large labyrinth. To make the problem simply, we assume the labyrinth is a N*M two-dimensional array which left-top corner is (0,0) and right-bottom corner is (N-1,M-1). Ignatius enters at (0,0), and the door to feng5166's room is at (N-1,M-1), that is our target. There are some monsters in the castle, if Ignatius meet them, he has to kill them. Here is some rules: 

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Hogwarts正式开学以后,Harry发现在Hogwarts里,某些楼梯并不是静止不动的，相反,他们每隔一分钟就变动一次方向.
比如下面的例子里,一开始楼梯在竖直方向,一分钟以后它移动到了水平方向,再过一分钟它又回到了竖直方向.Harry发现对他来说很难找到能使得他最快到达目的地的路线,这时Ron(Harry最好的朋友)告诉Harry正好有一个魔法道具可以帮助他寻找这样的路线,而那个魔法道具上的咒语,正是由你纂写的.

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    Last night, little erriyue had a horrible nightmare. He dreamed that he and his girl friend were trapped in a big maze separately. More terribly, there are two ghosts in the maze. They will kill the people. Now little erriyue wants to know if he could find his girl friend before the ghosts find them.